(high molecular weight fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus), CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), and Gal-4-SO4 (galacatose-4-sulfate). (high molecular weight fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida), Fuc.F.v. (kappa-carrageenan), lambda-carr, (lambda-carrageenan), Fuc.U.p. Data represent means of triplicates ± standard deviation. Luciferase data were corrected with metabolic data (Alamar blue) derived from a parallel plate with identical set-up. The present invention provides a food product in which gelatins are replaced with a texturizer composition comprising a low viscosity iota carrageenan. Infection efficiency was determined by measuring the luciferase activity 48 hours post infection. 100 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml sulfated polymers and 100 μg/ml non-sulfated polymers and galactose-4-sulfate were incubated with the virus for 30 minutes before infection. Mock infected and mock treated infected cells served as negative control (0% infection) and positive control (100% infection control y-axis), respectively. ACE2-HEK293cells/well were infected with SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped lentivirus (Luc reporter). Neutralization assay with iota-carrageenan compared to other sulfated and non-sulfated polymers as well as a sulfated sugar. Accordingly, our in vitro data on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus and replication competent SARS-CoV-2 suggest that administration of iota-carrageenan may be an effective and safe prophylaxis or treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. In vitro data on iota-carrageenan against various Rhino- and endemic Coronaviruses showed similar IC50 values and translated readily into clinical effectiveness when a nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan demonstrated a reduction of severity and duration of symptoms of common cold caused by various respiratory viruses. Experiments with patient isolated wild type SARS-CoV-2 virus showed an inhibition of replication in a similar range. SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles were efficiently neutralized with an IC50 value of 2.6 μg/ml iota-carrageenan.
Here, we show that iota-carrageenan can inhibit the cell entry of the SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus in a dose dependent manner. Attachment and entry of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 is mainly mediated by the spike glycoprotein. In the absence of a vaccine and other effective prophylactic or therapeutic countermeasures the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant public health threat.
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